(i) P holds (alone or, under an agreement with other shareholders) a majority of the voting rights in S;

(ii) P (alone or in conjunction with its other subsidiary undertakings), has the right to appoint or remove a majority of its board of directors;

(iii) P has the right to exercise a dominant influence over S, either through provisions contained in S's memorandum or articles, or a control contract; or

(iv) P is a parent undertaking of a parent undertaking of S.