(i) In many cases, an Islamic bank licensee acts as a "seller" in the Istisna'a contract and engages the services of a contractor (other than the client) by entering into another Istisna'a contract as buyer¹¹ or using some other Shari'a compliant contract such as Murabahah; or.

(ii) If a parallel Istisna'a contract is used for manufacturing the asset, the Islamic bank licensee acts as a buyer in the parallel contract. The Islamicbank licensee as an intermediary calculates its cost in the parallel contract and fixes the price of Istisna'a with its client that allows it to make a reasonable profit over his cost. The two contracts, however, need to be totally independent of each other. In order to secure the payment from the ultimate buyer (i.e. the customer), the title deeds of the underlying asset, or any other collateral, may be required by the Islamic bank licensee as a security until the complete payment is made by the ultimate buyer; and

(i) In some cases, an Islamic bank licensee can act as a "buyer" in an Istisna'a contract where it can have an asset constructed by a contractor: (i) for its own account (which can be, for example, subsequently sold or leased on a Murabahah or Ijara basis, respectively); or (ii) on the basis of the ultimate customer's specifications; or

(ii) If the parallel Istisna'a contract is used in this scenario with the ultimate customer, the Islamic bank licensee acts as seller in the parallel contract.