CM-5.3 CM-5.3 The Measure of Exposure
CM-5.3.1
For large
exposure (s) purposes, the measure ofexposure reflects the maximum loss that will arise should acounterparty fail or the loss that may arise due to the realisation of any lending assets, shareholdings or otherexposures or off-balance sheet positions, or losses experienced due to non-repayment of facilities granted. In certain cases (particularlyderivatives ), the measure of a largeexposure may be larger than that used in published financial statements. Consistent with this, anexposure encompasses the amount at risk arising from a bank's:(a) Claims on acounterparty including actual claims, and potential claims which would arise from the drawing down in full of undrawn advised facilities (whether revocable or irrevocable, conditional or unconditional) which the bank has committed itself to provide, and claims which the bank has committed itself to purchase or underwrite. In the case of undrawn (overdraft) facilities, the advised limit must be included in the measure ofexposure (after deduction of any provisions). In the case of loans, the net outstanding balance as shown in the books of the bank must be included in the measure ofexposure after deduction of any provisions. Such claims would include but are not limited to:(i) Loans and other credit facilities (including overdrafts) whether or not drawn;(ii)Exposures arising through lease agreements;(iii) Margin held with exchanges or counterparties;(iv) Claims under derivative contracts such as futures, forwards, options, swaps and similar contracts on interest rates, foreign currencies, equities, securities, commodities or indexes;(v) Claims arising in the course of settlement of securities transactions;(vi) Receivables such as fees or commissions;(vii) Claims arising in the case of forward sales and purchases of financial instruments in the trading or banking books;(viii) Amounts outstanding under sale and repurchase agreements, forward asset purchase agreements, buyback agreements, stock borrowing/lending or similar transactions;(ix) Bonds, bills or other non-equity financial instruments; and(x)Underwriting exposures for bonds, bills, or other non-equity financial instruments.(b)Contingent liabilities arising in the normal course of business, and thosecontingent liabilities which would arise from the drawing down in full of undrawn advised facilities (whether revocable or irrevocable, conditional or unconditional) which the bank has committed itself to provide. In the case of undrawn overdraft, L/C or similar facilities, the advised limit must be included in the measure ofexposure . Such liabilities may include:(i) Direct credit substitutes (including guarantees, standby letters of credit, bills accepted but not held by the reporting bank, and endorsements creating payable obligations);(ii) Claims sold with recourse (i.e. where the credit risk remains with the reporting bank);(iii) Transaction related contingents not having the character of direct credit substitutes (e.g. performance bonds, bid bonds, transaction-related L/Cs etc);(iv) Undrawn documentary letters of credit issued or confirmed; and(v) Credit derivatives sold (where the bank is providing credit protection);(c) Any other assets or transactions whose value depends wholly or mainly on a counterparty performing its obligations, or whose value depends upon that counterparty's financial soundness but which do not represent a claim on the counterparty. Such assets or transactions include:(i) Equities and othercapital instruments (including significant investments in commercial entities—see CM-5.5.1.E for definition);(ii) Equity warrants, options, or equity derivatives where the reporting bank is obtaining credit protection; and(iii)Underwriting or purchase commitments for equities; and(d) Any other assets, receivables or transactions which constitute a claim for the bank which are not included in (a), (b) or (c) above. Such items could include funds or assets provided to a fund/asset manager. Banks must regard assets placed with third parties under management asexposures . Under no circumstances may a bank place funds with fund managers (or mudaribs or trustees) that also act as custodian.Amended: January 2015
Amended: July 2011
Amended: April 2011
Amended: January 2011
October 2007CM-5.3.2
As a general rule,
exposures must be reported on a gross basis (i.e. no offset). However, debit balances on accounts may be offset against credit balances on other accounts with the bank if:(a) A legally enforceable right of set off exists in all cases (as confirmed by a independent legal opinion addressed to the bank) in respect of the recognised amounts;(b) The debit and credit balances relate to the same customer or to customers in the same group (for a group facility, a full cross guarantee structure must also exist before debit balances on accounts may be offset against credit balances i.e. full multilateral guarantees must be in place between all the companies within the group);(c) The bank intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the debit balances and settle the credit balances simultaneously; and(d) The transactions are subject to the regulation in respect of close-out netting under market contract (see Appendix CM-4).Amended: January 2015
Amended: July 2011
Amended: January 2011
October 2007CM-5.3.3
Large
exposures are calculated using the sum of the nominal amounts before the application of risk weighting and credit conversion factors for:(a) On-balance sheet claims;(b) Guarantees and other contingent claims; and(c) Potential claims in the case of undrawn facilities.The amount at risk from
derivative contracts is taken to be the credit equivalent amount calculated based on the guidelines for the prudential returns (see Module CA). In the case of equityexposures , the current fair value as shown in the books of the bank must be taken as the measure ofexposure .Amended: July 2011
Amended: January 2011
October 2007CM-5.3.4
In case of syndicated facilities, the nominal amount would include only the bank's share of the syndication and any amounts for which binding commitments from other financial institutions are not available. Where a binding commitment is available, that amount would be excluded in calculation of the large
exposures . See Section CM-5.6 for exemptions.Added: January 2011CM-5.3.5
A bank's
exposure arising fromsecurities ' trading operations is calculated as its net long position in a particularsecurity (a short position in onesecurity issue may not be offset against a long position in another issue made by the same issuer). A bank's 'net long position' in asecurity refers to its commitment to buy thatsecurity together with its current holdings of the samesecurity , less its commitment to sell suchsecurities .Amended: January 2011
October 2007CM-5.3.6
"Underwriting" is defined as "A binding commitment by the reporting bank to purchase securities issued by, or provide syndicated loans/credit facilities to (as the case may be) an unconnected party ("the issuer" or "the borrower") at a mutually agreed price. Underwriting does not take place if a bank commits to purchase its own securities or securities issued by a party connected to it as there is no transfer of risk; therefore banks may not utilise the limits concerned with these definitions in connection with any commitments to any connected counterparties." Temporary
exposure limits for "underwriting" and otherinvestment business relatedexposures are covered in more detail in paragraphs CM-5.6.2A-F.Amended: July 2012
Added: January 2011