Gross income is defined as net interest income plus net non-interest income.³⁸ This measure should: (i) be gross of any provisions (e.g. for unpaid interest); (ii) be gross of operating expenses, including fees paid to outsourcing service providers³⁹; (iii) exclude realised profits/losses from the sale of securities in the banking book;⁴⁰ and (iv) exclude extraordinary or irregular items as well as income derived from insurance.

³⁸ As defined under International Financial Reporting Standards as applicable in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

³⁹ In contrast to fees paid for services that are outsourced, fees received by banks that provide outsourcing services shall be included in the definition of gross income.

⁴⁰ Realised profits/losses from securities classified as "held to maturity" and "available for sale", which typically constitute items of the banking book, are also excluded from the definition of gross income.